Introduction
The 21st century is witnessing a seismic shift in global power dynamics. Traditional alliances are fraying, multilateral institutions are under strain, and economic nationalism is on the rise. For Africa—a continent endowed with vast natural resources, a burgeoning youth population, and untapped economic potential—this moment presents a historic opportunity. Rather than relying on handouts or external benevolence, Africa must assert itself as an equal partner in the new world order by creating self-reliant governance, economic innovation, and strategic diplomacy.
The narrative of Africa as a passive recipient of aid must give way to one of agency and ambition. The continent’s leaders and citizens must confront critical questions: How can Africa leverage its demographic and resource advantages to drive sustainable development? What governance reforms are necessary to reverse democratic backsliding in regions like the Sahel? And crucially, how can African nations build resilient institutions that unlock inclusive growth while enhancing their global competitiveness?
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This article explores Africa’s pathway to becoming a formidable player in the emerging global landscape, emphasising self-determination, economic transformation, and strategic partnerships.
1. The end of aid dependency: Why Africa must chart its own course
For decades, Africa’s development trajectory has been heavily influenced by foreign aid, often tied to conditionalities that prioritise donor interests over local needs. While humanitarian assistance has played a role in crisis response, long-term dependency has stifled innovation, distorted priorities, and perpetuated governance weaknesses.
The decline in traditional aid flows, exacerbated by shifting global priorities (such as the Ukraine war and U.S.-China tensions), is a wake-up call. Africa must pivot toward self-sustaining economic models. Countries like Rwanda and Ethiopia have demonstrated that homegrown policies—such as investment in infrastructure, digital transformation, and local manufacturing—can yield faster growth than aid-driven approaches.
A 2023 report by the African Development Bank (AfDB) highlights that intra-African trade, bolstered by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), could increase GDP by $450 billion by 2035. This underscores the potential of regional integration over reliance on external markets.
2. Governance and stability: The foundation for progress
Africa’s democratic backsliding, particularly in the Sahel, poses a significant threat to its global aspirations. Military coups, weak institutions, and corruption undermine investor confidence and hinder development. However, solutions exist—if African leaders prioritise institutional resilience.
1. Strengthening democratic institutions
Accountability mechanisms, independent judiciaries, and free media are non-negotiable for sustainable governance. Botswana’s success in maintaining stability and economic growth stems from strong institutions, not resource wealth alone.
2. Addressing security challenges
The Sahel crisis illustrates how governance failures fuel extremism. A purely militarised response is insufficient; investment in education, job creation, and local governance is critical. The G5 Sahel initiative, though flawed, highlights the need for regional cooperation in security matters.
3. Youth inclusion and political participation
With 60 percent of Africa’s population under 25, youth disenfranchisement is a ticking time bomb. Countries like Ghana and Senegal have shown that engaging youth in governance and entrepreneurship reduces instability.
3. Economic sovereignty: From extraction to value addition
Africa loses nearly $100 billion annually through illicit financial flows and raw material exports without local value addition. To compete globally, the continent must industrialise and leverage its resources strategically.
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1. Leveraging AfCFTA for regional trade
AfCFTA, the world’s largest free trade area, can transform Africa’s economic landscape—if implemented effectively. Reducing non-tariff barriers, improving cross-border infrastructure, and harmonising regulations are essential steps.
2. Green industrialisation and the energy transition
Africa holds 30 percent of the world’s critical minerals needed for renewable energy technologies. Rather than exporting raw lithium and cobalt, African nations must build local processing industries. Morocco’s automotive sector and South Africa’s renewable energy investments prove this is possible.
3. Digital transformation as an equalizer
Mobile money (pioneered by Kenya’s M-Pesa) and fintech innovations are democratizing finance. Expanding broadband access and digital skills training can position Africa as a tech hub.
4. Strategic diplomacy: Africa in the multipolar world
The U.S.-China rivalry offers Africa bargaining power—if it negotiates from a position of strength. Blind alignment with any foreign power risks neo-colonial exploitation. Instead, Africa should:
1. Diversify partnerships: Engage with the EU, India, and the Gulf States while asserting its interests.
2. Reform global governance: Advocate for permanent African representation in the UN Security Council and fairer IMF/World Bank policies.
3. Leverage soft power: Promote African culture (Afrobeats, Nollywood) and pan-African solidarity.
Conclusion:
I posit that Africa’s time is now! The shifting global order is not a threat but an invitation for Africa to redefine its place in the world. The continent does not need charity; it needs fair opportunities, strong institutions, and visionary leadership. Africa can transition from a marginalised player to a dominant force in the 21st century by prioritising self-reliance, economic transformation, and strategic diplomacy. The moment is here for Africa. The question is: Will Africa seize it? This is because without leadership, Africa may miss this great opportunity. Please join me to say, Never!
Oyewole O. Sarumi is a Professor of Strategic Leadership and Digital Transformation. He is the Executive Director, ICLED Business School, Lekki, and Faculty, Prowess University, Delaware, US. His main research interests include leadership and enterprise, strategy and digital transformation in leadership with emphasis on education, business and e-governance. You can reach him on +234 803 304 1421 Email: [email protected]
